FLOW-MATIC: How FLOW-MATIC Influenced the Design of COBOL
FLOW-MATIC, led by Grace Hopper at Remington Rand from 1955, was the first English-like data processing language and a direct model for COBOL.
Business & Enterprise
COBOL: Why Is COBOL Still Used in Banks Today?
COBOL was designed by the CODASYL committee in 1959 for business data processing. It still runs core systems at banks, insurers and government agencies.
JOVIAL: What Is JOVIAL Used For in Military Aircraft?
JOVIAL, created by Jules Schwartz at System Development Corporation from 1959, became the U.S. Air Force's standard language for avionics and command systems.
PL/I: Why IBM Designed PL/I to Replace Fortran and COBOL
PL/I was IBM's 1964 attempt at one language for both science and business on System/360. It was ambitious, influential and still runs on mainframes today.
test
How Jean Ichbiah's Green Language Became Ada
Ada grew out of a US Department of Defense competition won by Jean Ichbiah's 'Green' design in 1979. It remains a leading language for safety-critical software.
Java History: Why Java Was Originally Called Oak at Sun
Java began in 1991 as Oak, a language for consumer devices at Sun. A trademark clash forced a new name just before its 1995 debut on the web.
Why Microsoft Created C# After the Java Lawsuit
C# began as Microsoft's answer to losing control of Java. Here is how Anders Hejlsberg's team built it, how it evolved, and where it runs today.
How Groovy Became the Language of Jenkins Pipelines
Groovy started as a friendlier scripting language for Java developers and ended up running countless CI/CD pipelines. Here is how that happened.
How Scala Blends Functional and Object-Oriented Programming
Scala brought functional programming to the JVM without giving up objects. A look at Martin Odersky's design, Scala 3 and where Scala runs today.
